Design and manufacturing of customized implants prior to surgery are described in this study. Implant shape and functional requirements are established by digital data based on CT scans and mirroring operations. The design process of customized mandible prosthesis is illustrated as well as its manufacturing process (direct metal laser sintering) and dimensional control. Laser sintering process and its constraints for the production of customized implants in titanium alloy (Ti–6Al–4V) with complex geometry and internal structures are reported. Important parameters and restrictions in the production of complex parts, including support structures, maximum overhanging angle and internal structure are also described.

Russell's theory of memory as acquaintance with the past seems to square uneasily with his definition of acquaintance as the converse of the relation of presentation of an object to a subject. We show how the two views can be made to cohere under a suitable construal of 'presentation', which has the additional appeal of bringing Russell's theory of memory closer to contemporary views on direct reference and object-dependent thinking than is usually acknowledged. The drawback is that memory as acquaintance with the past falls short of fulfilling Russell's requirement that knowledge by acquaintance be discriminating knowledge - a shortcoming shared by contemporary externalist accounts of knowledge from memory.

Que a lei moral em Kant esteja assentada numa base a priori é conhecido e é objeto de intensa discussão. Que a Metafísica dos Costumes seja a articulação metafísica de um sistema de deveres na sua filosofia prática também é bem conhecido e muitas vezes contestado. Mas que os “princípios de aplicação” da Metafísica dos Costumes pertençam a ela mesma, e sejam consequentemente a priori, isso não é tão frequentemente reconhecido. Procuro mostrar neste trabalho o que isso significa e como isso ainda permite a Kant falar da aplicação dessa metafísica, geradora de deveres para seres como nós. A solução me parece estar na compreensão das volições e máximas dos seres humanos em termos que as tornam intrinsecamente passíveis de avaliações por parte da razão pura prática. Essa compreensão faculta a Kant a exposição de deveres (inclusive os de virtude), cuja natureza geral é a de serem exigências racionais morais estritas, para seres sensíveis imperfeitos como nós que vivemos num mundo como o nosso.

The mechanical control of supragingival biofilm is accepted as one of the most important measures to treat and prevent dental caries and periodontal diseases. Nevertheless, maintaining dental surfaces biofilm-free is not an easy task. In this regard, chemical agents, mainly in the form of mouthwashes, have been studied to help overcome the difficulties involved in the mechanical control of biofilm. The aim of this paper was to discuss proposals for the teaching of supragingival chemical control (SCC) in order to improve dentists' knowledge regarding this clinical issue. Firstly, the literature regarding the efficacy of antiseptics is presented, clearly showing that chemical agents are clinically effective in the reduction of biofilm and gingival inflammation when used as adjuvant agents to mechanical control. Thus, it is suggested that the content related to SCC be included in the curricular grid of dental schools. Secondly, some essential topics are recommended to be included in the teaching of SCC as follows: skills and competencies expected of a graduate dentist regarding SCC; how to include this content in the curricular grid; teaching-learning tools and techniques to be employed; and program content.