Resumo:

Este artigo oferece uma discussão conceitual a respeito dos riscos ambientais. Ele apresenta definições de riscos aceitas cientificamente na bibliografia nacional e internacional e, também, noções construídas coletivamente pelos participantes de diversas reuniões públicas de mapeamento de riscos, realizadas dentro do Estado de São Paulo. Foram analisados conceitos e classificações envolvendo tipos diferentes de riscos, além das relações entre riscos e outros conceitos como vulnerabilidade, impactos ambientais e percepção ambiental. Ao final, os autores consideram que a definição de risco ambiental mais adequada é formada por uma fusão das noções aceitas popularmente, em que se une a percepção das pessoas com os conceitos já estabelecidos na literatura sobre o tema. Assim, abre-se espaço para aplicar e adaptar os conceitos conforme as características de cada pesquisa e/ou dos objetivos pedagógicos de cada atividade, bem como para a aplicação dos conceitos de riscos, de acordo com a área estudada e a população envolvida.

Resumen:

Este artículo presenta una discusión conceptual con respecto a los riesgos ambientales. Presenta definiciones de riesgos aceptadas científicamente en lav bibliografía nacional e internacional y, también, nociones construidas colectivamente por los participantes de diversas reuniones públicas de mapeamento de riesgos realizadas dentro del Estado de Sao Paulo en Brasil. Fueron analizados conceptos y clasificaciones envolviendo tipos de diferentes de riesgo, además de las relaciones entre riesgos y otros conceptos como vulnerabilidad, impactos ambientales y percepción ambiental. Al final, los autores consideran que la definición de riesgo ambiental mas adecuada es formada por una fusión de las nociones aceptadas popularmente, mediadas por la percepción de las personas, con los conceptos ya establecidos en la literatura sobre el tema. Así se abre espacio para aplicar y adaptar los conceptos conforme las características de cada investigación y/o de los objetivos pedagógicos de cada actividad, bien como para la aplicación de los conceptos de acuerdo al área estudiada y a la población.

Resumo: Este trabalho trata dos riscos ambientais na Bacia Hidrográfica do Ribeirão das Pedras, uma importante sub-bacia do Ribeirão das Anhumas, no Município de Campinas, Estado de São Paulo. O Ribeirão das Pedras drena águas do Distrito de Barão Geraldo e dos Bairros Santa Genebra, Jardim Costa e Silva, Alto Taquaral, Jardim Primavera e outros. Nesta bacia se localizam os campi de diversas instituições de ensino e pesquisa como a Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp) e a Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Campinas, além de diversas indústrias e estabelecimentos comerciais de grande porte. Na área da bacia, 29,7 km2, residem cerca de 36 mil habitantes, totalizando mais de 1200 hab/km2. O mapa final, elaborado com base na representação proposta por Journaux (1985), utilizou dados adquiridos em trabalhos de campo, além de outros resultados do Projeto Anhumas ¿ FAPESP. Dentre o total de 120 situações de riscos mapeadas, os maiores, em área, foram identificados como riscos relacionados ao cultivo agrícola, com a utilização de agrotóxicos e o cultivo de Organismos Geneticamente Modificados (OGM), além das situações de riscos especiais, relacionados à presença da Unicamp e do Shopping Parque D. Pedro como as principais fontes de riscos da Bacia. Ao final, são feitas sugestões de continuidade para o estudo de riscos ambientais utilizando o mapeamento participativo de riscos e a proposta de cartografia elaborada com base em Journaux (1985).

Abstract: This work deals with the environmental risks at Ribeirão das Pedras, an important subwatershed of the Ribeirão das Anhumas watershed, at Campinas, São Paulo state. The Ribeirão das Pedras drains waters of the of Barão Geraldo district and the quarters called Santa Genebra, Jardim Costa e Silva, Alto Taquaral, Jardim Primavera and other quarters. In this basin is located universities, as the State University of Campinas (Unicamp) and the Pontifical University Catholic of Campinas, and big industries and commercial establishments. In this watershed live 36 thousand inhabitants, in one area like 29,7 km2, totalizing more than 1200 hab/km2. The final map, elaborated on the basis of the representation proposal for Journaux (1985), used data collected in fieldwork, and additional results of the Anhumas Project - FAPESP. Amongst the total of 120 mapped risk situations, the biggest, in area, was identified a risks related to plantation with agro-toxics and the culture of genetically modified organism (GMO). Moreover, the presence of the Unicamp and Dom Pedro Shopping, classified as special situation of risk, are related as the main sources of risks of the watershed. At the end, suggestions are made for the continuity of using the participatory risk mapping and the cartography elaborated on the basis of Journaux (1985) in other environmental risk studies

This article proposes a study on the effects of recent changes in the capitalist production system upon cities morphology, especially in emerging or peripheral countries and more specifically, Porto Alegre, Brazil. Assuming significant changes took place in the logics of space production, made hegemonic in the last decade of the XX century and widely associated to what will be called here the “advanced capitalism”, a first attempt is made to understand, systematically, the impact of macro-economic rearrangement on the local urban form.

A method for computing time-varying dynamic output feedback controllers for discrete-time linear systems subject to input saturation is proposed. The method is based on a locally valid polytopic representation of the saturation term. From this representation, it is shown that, at each sampling time, the matrices of the stabilising time-varying controller can be computed from the current system output and from constant matrices obtained as a solution of some matrix inequalities. Linear matrix inequality-based optimisation problems are therefore proposed in order to compute the controller aiming at the maximisation of the basin attraction of the closed-loop system, as well as aiming at ensuring a level of {L2} disturbance tolerance and rejection.

PURPOSE: The aim of this randomised single-blind, cross-over trial was to assess the effect of tongue cleansing on morning oral malodour in periodontally healthy subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ten systemically healthy non-smoker subjects (6 males, 4 females), 24-38 years of age, completed two 4-day periods of oral hygiene cessation with a 7-day wash-out period. In one of these test periods, subjects were instructed to clean their tongues with a tongue scraper 2-3 times a day. Participants presented at least 20 teeth, without cavities, overhanging restorations/prostheses or periodontitis, and had no history of previous periodontal therapy or use of antibiotics in the 3 months prior to the study. Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC; Interscan Halimeter) and organoleptic scores were measured in exhaled mouth air once a day, early in the morning, by one examiner. Comparisons were performed using Wilcoxon's signed rank test and Friedman's test (alpha = 0.05). RESULTS: VSC levels at baseline were 206.3 ppb (SD 139.8) and 191.4 ppb (SD 127.7) for periods of usage and non-usage of the scraper respectively (p > 0.05). VSC levels did not change significantly during the 4 days, independent of tongue cleansing (Friedman, p > 0.05). Only at day 3 did the use of the tongue scraper lead to a significantly lower level of VSC compared with controls (131.1 ppb and 199.3 ppb respectively). No significant differences in organoleptic scores were observed between groups at baseline. During the whole experimental period, there were also no significant changes in organoleptic scores when individuals used or did not use the tongue scraper. CONCLUSION: Tongue cleansing with a scraper was unable to prevent morning oral malodour in the absence of tooth cleaning in periodontally healthy individuals.