Ricardo de Sampaio Dagnino

The present study analyzed how the economic, social and human mobility factors were responsible for dissemination of Covid -19 in Brazil and the Legal Amazon region. Human mobility was analyzed by four dimensions according to the network's hierarchies of: migration, pendular mobility, airlift, hydro and road routes and healthcare system. Manaus, capital of Amazon, was the first diffuser pole of cases; this may be explained by absence of public lockdown policies and restriction of mobility by river routes and airport system. In the face of the worsening of the pandemic, between March to May 2020, the previous migratory pattern of the urban population was accentuated to inland Amazonian cities that spread the virus towards remote areas of the Amazon. In addition, there was a pendular migratory movement to Manaus, which is the only center in the region with highly complex hospitals; this fact led to a strong migratory movement of populations seeking medical assistance. The analysis on migration revealed a close relation of the spatiotemporal behavior of Covid-19 spread and the migration network to Manaus. There were significant correlations related to fluvial or waterway transportation axis along the Amazon River which is the dominant route of the region. These pathways have long distances to be covered from one pole to another and were additional factors for the spread of the pandemic during the period studied and have long travel times that can be an important factor for COVID-19 further dissemination. We conclude that the wide dissemination of COVID-19 cases across the Legal Amazon was the result of multifactorial causes that include social inequities, vulnerability, high rate of mobility and migration, information failure and administrative and social management of the crisis.

Resumo: Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) das instituições de ensino básico, fundamental e médio, tanto públicas como particulares da região do litoral norte do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O texto relata as seguintes etapas: aquisição dos dados, construção do banco de dados georreferenciado, análise de algumas características das escolas (número de alunos, situação rural/urbana, escola indígena) e infraestrutura disponível (biblioteca, internet, quadra, pátio) e, finalmente, a representação visual da distribuição espacial das escolas e seus indicadores. A base espacial georreferenciada, contendo a localização das escolas, foi construída a partir das coordenadas geográficas fornecidas pela Secretaria Estadual de Educação e pela geocodificação através do ArcGis. A base de dados estatísticos foi coletada através do processamento dos microdados do Censo Escolar de 2018, do Instituto Nacional de Estudos e Pesquisas Educacionais Anísio Teixeira (INEP).

ABSTRACT:

This work presents the development of a Geographic Information System (GIS) for the analysis of basic and high school institutions, both public and private in the northern coast of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The text reports the following steps: data acquisition, construction of the georeferenced database, analysis of some schools characteristics (number of students, rural / urban situation, indigenous school) and available infrastructure (library, internet, court, patio) and, finally, the visual representation of the spatial distribution of schools and their indicators. The georeferenced spatial base, containing the location of the schools, was built from the geographical coordinates provided by the State Department of Education and by geocoding through ArcGis. The statistical database was collected through the processing of microdata from the 2018 School Census, from National Institute for Educational Studies and Research "Anísio Teixeira" (INEP).