Ricardo de Sampaio Dagnino

The present study analyzed how the economic, social and human mobility factors were responsible for dissemination of Covid -19 in Brazil and the Legal Amazon region. Human mobility was analyzed by four dimensions according to the network's hierarchies of: migration, pendular mobility, airlift, hydro and road routes and healthcare system. Manaus, capital of Amazon, was the first diffuser pole of cases; this may be explained by absence of public lockdown policies and restriction of mobility by river routes and airport system. In the face of the worsening of the pandemic, between March to May 2020, the previous migratory pattern of the urban population was accentuated to inland Amazonian cities that spread the virus towards remote areas of the Amazon. In addition, there was a pendular migratory movement to Manaus, which is the only center in the region with highly complex hospitals; this fact led to a strong migratory movement of populations seeking medical assistance. The analysis on migration revealed a close relation of the spatiotemporal behavior of Covid-19 spread and the migration network to Manaus. There were significant correlations related to fluvial or waterway transportation axis along the Amazon River which is the dominant route of the region. These pathways have long distances to be covered from one pole to another and were additional factors for the spread of the pandemic during the period studied and have long travel times that can be an important factor for COVID-19 further dissemination. We conclude that the wide dissemination of COVID-19 cases across the Legal Amazon was the result of multifactorial causes that include social inequities, vulnerability, high rate of mobility and migration, information failure and administrative and social management of the crisis.

No quadro da chegada da Covid-19 no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), em março de 2020, iniciamos o monitoramento da pandemia utilizando um Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) online. Ele foi desenvolvido dentro do Projeto SIG Litoral, da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, com a estratégia de disponibilizar à sociedade análises espaciais e dados organizados sobre a doença, reunindo pesquisadoras/es, bolsistas e voluntárias/os. O portal, voltado à comunicação em saúde, possibilita a visualização de dados nas escalas global, nacional e regional, além do monitoramento das populações indígenas da Amazônia e o mapeamento das redes de solidariedade no Litoral Norte do RS. Nesse artigo, enfocamos principalmente o monitoramento da Covid-19 no RS, abordando as ferramentas utilizadas, os desafios para obtenção de dados e algumas análises espaciais realizadas. Mostramos divergências entre as fontes de dados, indicando o problema da subnotificação e as diferentes metodologias empregadas pelos sistemas de vigilância sanitária. Por fim, mostramos alguns indicadores sobre números de acessos ao SIG e alcance geográfico do monitoramento da Covid-19 pela UFRGS, repercutindo positivamente na sociedade ao dar transparência aos dados oficiais, contribuindo para a pluralidade do debate sobre a pandemia, a interação de equipes multidisciplinares e a formação acadêmica de estudantes.

Esse trabalho apresenta uma discussão metodológica de como apreender a heterogeneidade do rural paulista a partir da integração de dados dos Censos Agropecuário e Demográfico. O objetivo é explorar técnicas de análise multivariada e espacial que auxiliem na apreensão do rural como construção socioespacial, estruturado por fluxos que extrapolam a produção estritamente agropecuária e remetem a diferentes dinâmicas de redistribuição de população. O artigo está dividido em cinco partes principais. Na introdução, é explicitado a perspectiva teórica do trabalho. Em seguida, apresentam-se as variáveis utilizadas, o tratamento dado aos casos perdidos, avaliação das distribuições e correlações. Na terceira parte, recorre-se à análise fatorial como de reduzir o conjunto de indicadores iniciais em constructos fracamente correlacionados. No item quatro, os fatores criados são submetidos a uma análise classificatória de cluster que, na quinta e última parte, é interpretada espacialmente. A título de considerações finais, é reiterada a multiplicidade de formas com que o rural regional se conecta ao urbano local, de modo a reforçar a centralidade dos processos históricos na articulação de diferentes espaços rurais.

The objective of this study is to analyze population distribution in the state of Pará in Brazil using data from the2010 Population Census in association with the land use and land cover data from TerraClass arranged in a statistical grid. The role of 113 Protected Areas (including 46 Indigenous Lands, 51 Sustainable Use Conservation Units and 16 Integral Protection Conservation Units) is analyzed from the standpoint of their demographic rural-urban gradients and in terms of their land use cover. Information on the use and cover of land in Protected Areas along with census data were incorporated into a statistical grid using GIS. The spatial relationship of information layers in the cells indicates that the state's population is highly concentrated in a few areas, a pattern that is reproduced to some extent in the Protected Areas (Gini coefficient for the distribution of households is higher than 0.9). The area of the Protected areas is less populated and retains a greater extension of forested areas, by comparison to the state. Despite having extensive segments devoid of occupied households and the largest expanse of forest coverage (57%) in the state, Protected Areas also have urban areas associated with other uses and land cover change. The results indicate that population dynamics and changes in the uses and covering of land are related in a broader manner, thereby suggesting the need for reflection on urbanization and changes in land use and land cover change within a more integrated approach.

In this paper a method for increasing the resolution of census data is tested and presented, by aggregating the data onto a regular grid. The methodology consists of (1) the aggregation of households, represented by their geographical coordinates obtained by the 2007 Population Count, carried out by the Brazilian Census Office (IBGE) and, (2) the unbundling of the data by census tracts on the basis of proportionality. The grids obtained were used to estimate the resident population of 114 conservation units in Brazilian Legal Amazon, all of them instituted in or before 2006. The intention was to test this methodology on territorial units that follow neither the official political-administrative boundaries of states and cities, nor the boundaries designed by IBGE for collecting data. The methodology also contributes to the study of populations living in protected areas, due to the scarcity of population estimates in the conservation units. The results showed a population of 325,398 inhabitants in the selected units, 297,693 of whom were in units for Sustainable Use and 27,705 in Permanent Protection units. Adjoining areas have an estimated joint population of 1,020,237. Despite the limitations involved in using the 2007 Population Count, the aggregating of data into grids would seem to be a promising methodology in view of the improvements in IBGE's use of geotechnology. The grid minimizes problems that come up in the use of administrative units or census data and may represent an approach that can be applied usefully in demography and other areas of knowledge.

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