In this chapter, we consider the linear radiative transfer model for a passive medium with no intrinsic thermal contributions. The domain is a one-dimensional slab for which reflectivity and transmissivity are determined from the total in- and outgoing radiative fluxes across the boundaries. Further, we assume isotropic scattering in the medium and no emissivity and reflectivity on the boundaries but thermal radiation from the latter and an isotropic incoming radiation from an external source. Our developments are based on the discrete ordinate method in the angular variable and a modified version of the finite volume method in the spatial variable. The solution is obtained by an iterative method, and we present a necessary condition for its convergence based on norm operations.

{The study of sambaquis (ancient shell mounds) in conservation paleobiology is a complicated subject, especially when comparing body sizes of current and past mollusk valves to observe possible changes. There is a lack of information regarding how ancient fisher-gardeners collected these shellfish. Another obstacle is finding the hypothesis tests and data that can be used to compare current and past body sizes. To this end, we use the t-test (tt), Mann-Whitney (mw), and Bootstrap (bt) analyses to determine data scenarios for yellow clam (Amarilladesma mactroides) shells from two sambaquis units, and from two transects along the beaches of Rio Grande do Sul in southern Brazil. The study finds that the average body size of an Amarilladesma mactroides adult specimen is greater in sambaquis than the current valves across all tests (tt

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A pandemia de Covid-19 chegou ao Rio Grande do Sul (RS) evidenciando a necessidade de uma abordagem multidisciplinar e sistemática, buscando respostas emergentes. A falta de uma estratégia nacional de combate ao novo coronavírus exigiu a elaboração de uma alternativa própria por parte do governo estadual. A opção adotada foi um modelo de distanciamento controlado, considerando a gestão do sistema de saúde, visando garantir a capacidade de atendimento dos enfermos por Covid-19 e demais doenças e propiciar o funcionamento dos setores econômicos. O presente artigo faz um apanhado geral da confirmação de casos de Covid-19 no Rio Grande do Sul, analisa a evolução da doença no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2020 e disserta criticamente acerca do modelo de distanciamento controlado aplicado pelo governo do estado. São feitas reflexões sobre os objetivos de tal modelo, que exprimem uma tentativa de condicionamento das práticas espaciais da população, e sobre a eficiência da instrumentalização do controle social simbolizada por cores que indicam a intensidade de restrições.

La pandémie de Covid-19 a atteint le Rio Grande do Sul (RS), soulignant la nécessité d'une approche multidisciplinaire et systématique, à la recherche de réponses émergentes. L'absence d'une stratégie nationale de lutte contre le nouveau coronavirus a nécessité l'élaboration d'une solution de rechange par le gouvernement de l'État. L'option adoptée a été un modèle de distanciation contrôlée, considérant la gestion du système de santé, visant à garantir la capacité de soigner les patients atteints de Covid-19 et d'autres maladies et à permettre le fonctionnement des secteurs économiques. Cet article donne un aperçu de la confirmation des cas de Covid-19 dans l'État de Rio Grande do Sul, analyse l'évolution de la maladie de février à octobre 2020 et discute de manière critique le modèle de distanciation contrôlée appliqué par le gouvernement de l'État. Des réflexions sont menées sur les objectifs de ce modèle, qui expriment une tentative de conditionner les pratiques spatiales de la population, et sur l'efficacité de l'instrumentalisation du contrôle social symbolisé par des couleurs qui indiquent l'intensité des restrictions.

The Covid-19 pandemic reached Rio Grande do Sul (RS), highlighting the need for a multidisciplinary and systematic approach, seeking emerging responses. The lack of a national strategy to combat the new coronavirus required the elaboration of an alternative by the local government. The option adopted was a controlled distance model, considering the health system management, aiming at guaranteeing the capacity to attend the sick due to Covid-19 and other diseases, and allowing the functioning of the economic sectors. This article provides an overview of the confirmation of cases of Covid-19 in Rio Grande do Sul, analyzes the evolution of the disease from February to October 2020, and gives a critical commentary on the controlled distance model applied by the state government. Reflections are made on the objectives of such a model, which express an attempt to condition the population’s spatial practices, and on the efficiency of the instrumentalization of social control symbolized by colors indicating the intensity of restrictions.