This paper presents the identifiability analysis of a nonlinear model for a batch bioreactor and the estimation of the identifiable parameters within the prediction error framework. The output data of the experiment are the measurements of the methane gas generated by the process, during 37 days, and knowledge of the initial conditions is limited to the initial quantity of chemical oxygen demand. It is shown by the identifiability analysis that only three out of the eight model parameters can be identified with the available measurements and that identification of the remaining parameters would require further knowledge of the initial conditions. A prediction error algorithm is implemented for the estimation of the identifiable parameters. This algorithm is iterative, relies on the gradient of the prediction error, whose calculation is implemented recursively, and consists of a combination of two classic optimization methods: the conjugated gradient method and the Gauss?Newton method.

Temporalismo e eternismo são teses semânticas. Segundo a primeira, que prevaleceu ao longo da maior parte da história da lógica no Ocidente, existem proposições completas cujo valor de verdade varia com o tempo (proposições temporais), e a investigação das relações entre tempo e verdade é parte integral da lógica. Para a segunda, que emerge gradualmente na obra dos pioneiros da lógica moderna e recebe sua primeira formulação sistemática na obra de Frege, o que o temporalismo percebe como uma proposição com valor de verdade variável deve ser concebido, antes, como uma função proposicional em que pelo menos uma variável livre (usualmente inarticulada na expressão linguística da proposição) toma como argumentos instantes ou intervalos de tempo. As duas teses têm consequências importantes, aqui brevemente resenhadas, para a concepção das relações entre tempo e modalidade e para a semântica das atitudes proposicionais.

PURPOSE: To compare the effect of incomplete caries removal (ICR) and indirect pulp capping (IPC) with calcium hydroxide (CH) or an inert material (wax) on color, consistency and contamination of the remaining dentin of primary molars. METHODS: This double-blind, parallel-design, randomized controlled trial included 30 children presenting one primary molar with deep caries lesion. Children were randomly assigned after ICR to receive IPC with CH or wax. All teeth were then restored with resin composite. Baseline dentin color and consistency were evaluated after ICR, and dentin samples were collected for contamination analyses using scanning electron microscopy. After 3 months, restorations were removed and the three parameters were re-evaluated. In both groups, dentin became significantly darker after 3 months. RESULTS: No cases of yellow dentin were observed after 3 months with CH compared to 33.3% of the wax cases (P < 0.05). A statistically significant difference over time was observed only for CH regarding consistency. CH stimulated a dentin hardening process in a statistically higher number of cases than wax (86.7% vs. 33.3%; P = 0.008). Contamination changed significantly over time in CH and wax without significant difference between groups. It was concluded that CH and wax arrested the carious process of the remaining carious dentin after indirect pulp capping, but CH showed superior dentin color and consistency after 3 months.

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