The construal of ‘exists’ as a first-order or real predicate is defended against prevailing orthodoxy.

We utilize a kinetic approach to the problem of wave propagation in dusty plasmas, taking into account the variation of the charge of the dust particles due to inelastic collisions with electrons and ions. The components of the dielectric tensor are written in terms of a finite and an infinite series, containing all effects of harmonics and Larmor radius. The formulation is quite general and valid for the whole range of frequencies above the plasma frequency of the dust particles, which are assumed motionless. The formulation is employed to the study of electrostatic waves propagating along the direction of the ambient magnetic field, in the case for which ions and electrons are described by bi-Maxwellian distributions. The results obtained in a numerical analysis corroborate previous analysis, about the important role played by the dust charge variation, particularly on the imaginary part of the dispersion relation, and about the very minor role played in the case of electrostatic waves by some additional terms appearing in the components of the dielectric tensor, which are entirely due to the occurrence of the dust charge variation.

Effects due to the prEsence of charged dust particles on the growth rate of instabilities of low frequency electromagnetic waves propagating along the ambient magnetic field are investigated, using a kinetic theory which takes into account the collisional charging of the dust particles. For perpendicular ion temperature larger than the parallel ion temperature the dustless Plasma features the proton cyclotron anisotropy instability, which is gradually reduced by the prEsence of the dust population, until complete disappearance for sufficiently large dust density. For perpendicular ion temperature smaller than the parallel ion temperature the dustless Plasma features the proton fire-hose instability, which is also reduced by the prEsence of the dust population. The results obtained show that the fire-hose instability is more easily quenched by the prEsence of the dust than the proton cyclotron instability. For both instabilities, the prEsence of the dust affects the dispersion relation by the charge imbalance produced by the electron capture by the dust particles, and by the damping effect originated from the collisional charging of the dust particles.